Federal Income Tax Return (1040 statement) along with documentation related to other sources of income such as child support and/or rental income.*Recent = within the last sixty (60) days.Recent letter from Social Security Administration, Social Services, Maryland Vehicle Administration, Internal Revenue Services, or Maryland Judicial System*.Recent homeowner, renter, or medical insurance statement*.Original, signed (by landlord and tenant) lease agreement reflecting the name(s) of the parent(s)/guardian(s) as tenants.Fully-executed, property sales agreement.Deed or title to a residential property.Complete, recent utility bill (gas, electric, water, telephone, or cable)*.Proof of Address (only two (2) of the following examples are required):.Proof of Parent/Guardian Identity: Photo ID of the parent/legal guardian (driver’s license, passport, alien/permanent resident card, military ID, employment authorization card, ISAP card, DHS/DOJ/DOS immigration and refugee resettlement forms).Proof of Student Identity & Age: Birth certificate or other government-issued document (passport, military ID, birth registration, DHS/DOJ/DOS immigration and refugee resettlement forms).Child care facilities are licensed by the Nevada Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public and Behavioral Health. The Nevada Department of Education does not license pre-k programs administered by school districts. ĭoes the Department license a Pre-School? The Nevada KEA in use is the BRIGANCE Screen III. Kindergarten must be assessed across early learning domains within the first 45 Per Senate Bill 2 (SB2), a pupil enrolled in What are the requirements for the Kindergarten Entry Assessment (KEA)? If a child is not 5 years of age on or before the first day of a school year, the child must not be admitted to kindergarten. Please refer to SB102:Ī child who is 5 years of age on or before the first day of a school year may be admitted to kindergarten at the beginning of that school year, and the child's enrollment must be counted for purposes of apportionment. How can I get an exception for an early enrollment in a public Kindergarten in Nevada?Ī child must be 5 years of age on or before the first day of a school year. My child is 4 years old and is very mature and bright but will not be 5 until after the first day of school. The parents, custodial parent, guardian or other person who makes such an election shall file with the board of trustees of the appropriate school district a waiver in a form prescribed by the board.” This bill further explains: “The parents, custodial parent, guardian or other person within the State of Nevada having control or charge of a child who is 6 years of age on or before the first day of a school year may elect for the child not to attend kindergarten or the first grade during that year. Per Senate Bill 102 (SB102), a child who is 7 years of age on or before the first day of a school year must be admitted to the first grade if a child has completed kindergarten, and admitted to the second grade if the child has completed kindergarten and the first grade. What are the age requirements for enrolling my child in a public school in Nevada? Office of Assessment, Data, and Accountability Management.Office of Early Learning and Development.Office of Standards and instructional Support.Office of a Safe and Respectful Learning Environment. ![]() ![]() Nevada Local Education Agency Use of Funds.Guidance for the End of the Declaration of Emergency.Governor's Proclamation Terminating Declaration of Emergency Related to COVID-19. ![]()
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![]() Add the seasoning mixture and toss to coat. ![]() In a large bowl, toss the crackers with the oil. In a small bowl, whisk together the ranch seasoning, bacon bits, garlic powder, and red pepper. Manufactured on equipment that processes peanut. Preheat oven to 250° F, and prepare a baking sheet by lining it with parchment or aluminum foil. With hands near top, push narrow sides of box towards center.Ĭontains: wheat, milk, soy. Unbleached Enriched Flour (wheat Flour, Niacin, Reduced Iron, Thiamine Mononitrate, Folic Acid), Palm Oil, Soybean And/or Canola Oil, Whey (from Milk), Sugar, Cheddar Cheese Powder (pasteurized Milk, Cheese Cultures, Salt, Enzymes), Leavening (calcium Phosphate, Baking Soda), Salt, Sodium Phosphate, Natural Flavor, Yeast Extract, Soy Lecithin, Cornstarch, Turmeric, Annatto Extracts (for Color) Portable, packable snack for home, work or school. Smooth, creamy cheese between two tiny RITZ snack crackers. One 8.8 oz box of RITZ Bits Cheese Sandwich Crackers. I was concerned about this and it was on a post on this website. Each box contains 8.8 ounces of cheese crackers. One 3 oz Big Bag snack pack of RITZ Bits Cheese Sandwich Crackers Smooth, creamy cheese between two tiny RITZ snack crackers Mini cracker sandwiches are bite-sized for easy snacking Crunchy snack crackers have classic RITZ flavor, filling made with real cheese Pack these mini crackers into a lunchbox for a special treat Highlights: 3 oz. The ritz bits have an identical tiny size cracker with PEANUT BUTTER in the center. See details Offer subject to credit approval. Quick, convenient and packable cheese crackers. Portable, go-anywhere snack food for home, work or school. Ritz Bits Cheese Crackers offers bold cheddar filled sandwich crackers in a. Smooth, creamy cheese between two tiny RIITZ snack crackers. Nabisco is an established American manufacturer of well-known cookies and snacks. These cracker sandwiches are made with real cheese and contain no high fructose corn syrup, so grab a handful anytime you’re craving cheese and crackers. Crackers RITZ Bits Cheese Sandwich Crackers (1.5 oz., 30 pk.) By Ritz Item - Model 181309 Not available Get a 30 as a statement credit when you open a new account and make 30 in Sam’s Club purchases within 30 days. snack packs of RITZ Bits Cheese Sandwich Crackers. RITZ Bits Cheese Sandwich Crackers are bite-size snacks that layer a mouthwatering cheese spread between two tiny RITZ Bits snack crackers. ![]() In addition to basic editing tasks like clipping, rotating, transitioning, and stabilizing, iMovie offers soundtrack options, pre-built themes and backgrounds, special effects, and even a function to create a movie trailer. It does not store any personal data.This free video editing tool for iOS offers an impressive array of features in an easy-to-use format specifically designed for regular iOS users with no video editing experience. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". ![]() The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. ![]() Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. VITA Video Editing App for iPhone & Android: Edit Videos for Free.How to Change Slow Motion Video Recording Speed on iPhone.While you are here, it would be the perfect opportunity to look at some of the best camera tips and tricks for iPhone 11 Pro.Īdditionally, you may also find the resources linked below as informative and worth your time. What are your thoughts on this? Do you often take Slo-mo videos, or is it a rare thing? Let us know in the comments down below. But you can use iMovie or other iPhone or iPad editing apps for this job. You can not convert the standard iPhone videos shot at 30fps or 24 fps to slo-mo using the Photos app.Conversion does not reduce the overall video size.Even after converting to normal video, it is still listed under the Slo-mo category.You may also use the sliders to adjust the portion of the clip you want to play at a slow or normal speed. To discard this change, tap on Edit → Revert → Revert to Original. ![]() The slow-motion video is successfully converted into a standard video. To check, tap on the triangle play button. This represents that video will now play at standard speeds. All wide-spaced lines will align tightly. Touch on a slider and drag it towards the other. While the portion with the lines wide apart represents the slow-motion effect, those at the ends, with lines closely packed, represent the normal-speed.
![]() In 2003, Algard stepped down as CEO to focus on, which he had also founded and Max Bardon took his place as CEO temporarily. By 2005, $15 million in annual revenues was coming from these contracts. The company brokered deals with Yellowpages and Superpages, whereby Whitepages earned revenue for sending them referral traffic. The site grew and attracted more advertisers. In 1998, Algard left his job to focus on the website he incorporated Whitepages in 2000. Eventually WhitePages was producing more ad-revenue than Algard was earning at Goldman Sachs. He expanded the database of contact information using data licensed from American Business Information (now a part of Infogroup). He continued operating the website as a hobby while working as an investment banker for Goldman Sachs. Algard bought the domain for $900, which he says was all of his savings at the time. He thought of an online email directory as an easier way to find people. Algard was searching for a friend's contact information and the phone company gave him the wrong number. The idea for Whitepages was conceived by Alex Algard, while studying at Stanford in 1996. From 2010 to 2016, the company shifted away from advertising revenue and began focusing more on selling business services and subscription products. From 2008 to 2013, Whitepages released several mobile apps, a re-design in 2009, the ability for consumers to control their contact information, and other features. Investors were later bought-out by Algard in 2013. It was incorporated in 2000 and received $45 million in funding in 2005. Whitepages was founded in 1997 as a hobby for then- Stanford student Alex Algard. It has the largest database available of contact information on US residents. Whitepages is a provider of online directory services, fraud screening, background checks and identity verification for consumers and businesses. Contact data, background data, and mobile apps ![]() This allows you to audition your mixes from anywhere, while away from your hardware set up. This Pro release includes a number of highly anticipated updates including a full-featured 2-deck Practice Mode which allows you to mix two tracks together with no hardware connected. Use with Turntables, CDJs, Controllers, Mixers and Interfaces from entry level to pro, Or, without any hardware connected using the brand new “Practice Mode” When you’re talking about Hip-Hop, Dance, and everything in between, you’re looking at the standard. You would generally be requested to enter the supplied activation code to activate the software and allow you to use the software on your specified computer or laptop.īy registering the supplied licence in your account with a particular software vendor you are creating a permanent record of ownership so please be advised to make a note of your login details at the time of registration.Serato DJ Pro is the most popular DJ software globally. You will receive an email from us at The Disc DJ Store or one of our partners containing your software serial code, the standard procedure is to create an account with the specified software brand and you can then download that software onto your computer or laptop. Please make sure that your computer meets the minimum required specifications to run the software before you make a purchase as digital downloads cannot be returned under any circumstances When you purchase a sofware licence you are effectively purchasing a code that will allow you to use the acquired software on your computer. Please note there is a surcharge for individual, very heavy items over 30kg. Pre 10am, 12am and named day delivery options are available in the basket, simply enter your postcode for an accurate price. Jersey and Guernsey are also VAT exempt, so 20% will automatically be knocked off when selecting your country in the basket or checkout. Some services are only available to UK mainland addresses. Orders placed after 5pm will be dispatched the following working day, next day delivery does not include Saturday or Sundays. Scottish Islands, Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Isles of Scilly UK Mainland Economy (only available for orders over £70) We offer free delivery on all of our items (UK mainland only) please see details below. Choose your kit based on your preference or skill level from DVS mixers, interfaces or CDJs through to Pro and entry level controllers. All you have to do is plug in the supported hardware and Serato DJ Pro is ready to go. You can use Serato DJ Pro with a vast range of hardware from the world's best manufacturers. Save your mappings and share them with other DJ’s on the Serato forums. Change the MIDI mapping of your hardware to gain access to new features or customize your controller to suit your workflow. The latest version of Serato DJ Pro allows you to remap the buttons and knobs on your primary MIDI device. Simply connect your Serato DJ Pro Hardware to your computer, connect to your sound system and you’re in action. Using the Serato DJ Pro software you can DJ music on your computer with accurate control from a range of Serato supported hardware. Serato DJ Pro is an integrated software and hardware system, designed to give music selectors and DJs new kinds of control. You can see the current list of compatible hardware here. Please check that your hardware is compatible before you purchase, we cannot be held responsible if you purchase the software for a non-compatible controller or computer. ![]() Software cannot be returned under any circumstances even if you have not registered it. The codes are sent manually, we will send them ASAP, during working hours they should be with you within 20 mins, outside working hours there will be a delay.Īlso note, once you have downloaded and registered the software you waive your right to a refund under the consumer rights regulations. When we receive your order we will email you your serial number and download instructions. ![]() ![]() Please note: This is the latest full version of Serato DJ Pro via download only. ![]() Or their first album to their most recent one which might have been over 10 years ago! And while I have no scientific proof, I’m going to wager a bet that for most us here, our first dip in the “Nirvana Pool” was Nevermind (the one with the pool on the cover!) and not Bleach. Greg Schwepe: For many of us music geeks in the Classic Rock Magazine Album of the Week Club, we pride ourselves on following the arc of bands from their first album to their last album. The album’s best song, About A Girl, could be a Hollies or Knickerbockers b-side. Cobain’s guitar owes an evident debt to Black Sabbath and The Stooges, not to mention Meat Puppets II and Black Flag’s My War." ( Uncut) "For all the talk of Nirvana being paradigm shifters, Bleach is not the sound of the bloated corpse of rock’n’roll being dragged around by the barbarians who stormed the gates. Repetitiveness is a recurring problem on Bleach, namely in School and Negative Creep, the latter of which would be a far stronger track if the verse and chorus sections didn’t go on forever." ( Pop Matters) Still, the album has also has its share of flaws. "Many of the songs on Bleach are quite good, and at least one – the jangly Beatles-esque anomaly About a Girl – is great. Which isn't to say that they were devoid of original material, since even at this stage Kurt Cobain illustrated signs of his considerable songcraft." ( AllMusic) "Cut for about 600 dollars in Jack Endino's studio over just a matter of days, this captures Nirvana at a formative stage, still indebted to the murk that became known as grunge, yet not quite finding their voice as songwriters. It’s a fucking tough pill to swallow, but it’s all there."įollow-ups Nevermind and In Utero may get all the attention, but Bleach is an overlooked gem. His songwriting was incredibly special, but, because of the way the guitars and the drums were, it’s a hard listen. That was the way Kurt Cobain wrote songs, they all had this real pop sensibility to them. "I remember thinking it all sounded so unbelievably violent," says Frank Carter. It was a total perspective-changer – it definitely ripped a sheet of paper off of my mental notepad." In 2014 Queens Of The Stone Age frontman Josh Homme told Rolling Stone, “The first time I heard Bleach, I remember turning to my friends and saying, 'We gotta start writing better songs.' Listening to Negative Creep and School and Love Buzz, I thought there were three different singers in the band. Even at Bleach’s rawest, as on the raging, chaotic Negative Creep, the album seethes with confidence, intelligence and star quality, the songwriting already so nuanced and packed with pop hooks that their breakthrough to the mainstream makes perfect sense. ![]() All of the women we’re going to talk to have done incredible things to make the world a little bit more beautiful. Now, they’re ready to help others become better, smarter, happier cooks. After years of helping each other improve recipes, solve cooking conundrums, and come up with delicious new ideas, they’ve become experts in the kitchen and beyond. Miz Cracker will be talking with extraordinary women from around the world and from all walks of life in order to find out more about their achievements and life goals as a woman. Borderline Salty is a weekly podcast hosted by Carla Lalli Music and Rick Martinez. ![]() On She’s a Woman, Miz Cracker (RuPaul’s Drag Race) will be celebrating everything SHE. “BA video production will resume in September with returning talent and new contributors to be announced soon and will be informed by new leadership including Sonia Chopra, Agnes Chu and the new EIC,” said the spokesperson.This is the podcast for everybody who looks in the mirror and says “She’s a Woman”. Reached for comment, a spokesperson confirmed Wednesday that video production is still set to resume in September. Carla Lalli Music is the food director at Bon Appétit, where she oversees the brands food and recipe content across all digital platforms. Host and Co-Host on Borderline Salty and Guest on All Of It, Unhappy Hour with Matt Bella, 92NY Talks, and Radio Cherry Bombe. On this episode, hosts Rick Martinez and Carla Lalli Music give pointers for getting golden brown cutlets, share strategies on veg-heavy dishes that wont heat up your kitchen, and help a caller achieve the ideal crispy-chewy-crunchy-gooey chocolate chip cookies. We are sorry to see some of our video contributors part ways, but we feel that we cannot break the standard compensation rates we’ve set across our teams now in order to keep them, as some have been requesting.” 29 episodes totalling 16 hours, 2 minutes. “We will be using this time to reset and work with the teams and ensure diversity in front of and behind the camera for BA video. “We are planning for BA video production to begin in September with some returning talent, in addition to new contributors which we’ll be announcing in the coming week,” global HR officer Stan Duncan wrote in the memo. Referenced in this episode Mi Cocina: Cookbook Sweet Heat: Rick's Video Series Genius-Hunter Extra Credit Borderline Salty: Rick's Podcast with Carla Lalli Music Have a genius recipe you'd like to share Tell me all about it at. She added, “Somehow, it wasn’t enough,” accusing CNE of being “unable or unwilling to articulate specific, measurable goals about diversity and inclusion among BA hosts, crew, show topics, or recipe selection.”Ĭondé Nast sent a memo to BA staff last Friday stating that the company would not be willing to break its new standardized video pay rates for salaried and freelance staff. I hoped that the combined leverage of all the hosts along with others who were applying pressure from within would help for commitments and guarantee change.”Īlso Read: 3 Bon Appétit Test Kitchen Stars Exit Popular Video Series Over Pay, Appearances “For weeks, contract negotiations between CNE and Rick Martinez, Priya Krishna, Gaby Melian and Sohla ensued. “In June, along with my colleagues, I refused to make videos until fair and equitable pay, transparency around how ideas were greenlit, and diversity on both sides of the camera were addressed,” she went on. more Listen now on Episodes Eat Your Mistakes (with Eva Longoria) On this episode, hosts Rick Martinez and Carla Lalli Music give pointers for getting golden brown cutlets, share strategies on. ![]() ![]() After years of helping each other improve recipes. As the YouTube channel grew, she wrote, her “BIPOC colleagues had been sidelined” and she felt she did not “do nearly enough” to check her privilege or help elevate their voices. Borderline Salty is a weekly podcast hosted by Carla Lalli Music and Rick Martinez. Music wrote Wednesday that payment for video hosts “overwhelmingly favored white talent” and “certainly benefited” her, too. Gaby Melian and Molly Baz then followed, saying they will no longer appear in video content over the lack of diversity and fair contracts. Her statements ushered in a torrent of information about failures at Condé Nast Entertainment (CNE).”Īlso Read: Bon Appétit Is Sticking to New Standardized Video Pay After 5 Stars Leave Test KitchenĮl-Waylly, along with Priya Krishna Rick Martinez, was the first of the stars to step away from Bon Appétit’s videos on Aug. “In June my coworker, Sohla El-Waylly, bravely spoke out about her salary and the racist practices that sidelined and tokenized her as a Bon Appétit video host. I will miss doing something I loved with people I still love,” tweeted Music, who added that she hopes to remain the editor at large of the Condé Nast brand’s editorial offering. Carla Lalli Music is the latest Bon Appétit video star to step back from the embattled brand amid accusations of unfair pay and treatment of contributors and staff of color. ![]() We’re also log cabin builders, offering optional construction service for your eLoghomes log cabin kits shell package. As experts in the log home kit business, the team at eLoghomes is here to guide you. Our log home packages are ideal for creating a home that’s all your own, down to the last detail.īuilding a beautiful log cabin home starts with choosing the right provider. Our homes are fully customizable, and we offer a range of log sizes, styles, and corners. ![]() Browse our log home packages page to learn more about your options.Ĭhoose from more than 200 log cabin designs, from cozy vacation cabins to spacious two story log homes. This includes the log walls, exterior windows and doors, rough flooring, interior framing, decking and porch materials, additional roofing materials, and more. Our log home kits include the essentials your builder or general contractor needs to start your project. Each log home model in our catalog has been expertly designed, so you can save money on an architect or draftsman. Our log cabin kits are designed to streamline the home-building process. It’s why they are the preferred choice among aspiring log home owners in North America and beyond. Give us a call, click here for the contact person who can get you started.Log cabin kits make building a home more efficient. ![]() It does not have to mean cheap quality, but only with one company…who else? LAZARUS. When you are pricing floor plans of different models, getting complete materials packages, trying to determine who has good quality, and who has good prices, why not compare apples to apples, and seek out a great log cabin manufacturer who can provide the highest quality kit, and provide it cheap. Kind of a no-brainer to want the cheapest log home, and get the very best quality available, and that is why we started the business! Now, we are all benefiting from that demand of low price/high quality. Our founder wanted to build a log home, and upon doing a lot of research, found he had to create his own business to give him the kind of product he wanted. We started this business because there were no companies that had high quality log home packages, at any price, and certainly not even good quality at a decent price. We know you want things to cost less, be the best thing you can buy, and want you to feel that you got a good deal. Unlike most other log home package suppliers and full service log home kits companies, this is custom, free, and of the highest quality. Provide full support, provide the highest quality, and complete log home designs customized to each customer’s taste, and making each log home package look and appraise like the most expensive log home kits, with better structural integrity, drier logs, higher quality lumber, and getting the package out quickly. Lazarus has a different approach to cheap log home kits and cheap log cabin kits. Remember, the cheapest log cabin kits are now available with all the benefits only Lazarus can provide, giving you the lowest final cost log home packages available, with the highest quality logs and material available to anyone, at any price. See for yourself, don’t take our word for it! Lazarus Log Homes has discount log home kits that are the lowest prices found anywhere. We work with you on planning to keep the home in budget, by keeping you up to speed on approximate log home package costs as we are designing, and even giving you turn key estimates along the way, so you have what you need when you go to the bank or mortgage company, with complete log home plans, log home pricing package and complete log home bid, and a customized turn key estimate for your log home so you know right where you need to be.Ĭlick around and enjoy the lowest price log home packages in the world, with the highest quality. We provide log home plans for even the most discriminating buyer, with log home floor plans that are customized on every log home package, at a price anyone can afford. We are a full service log home company, with discount prices on all our log home kits, not marking it up, then saying we discount 20%, or 50%, and give you low quality, and a “perceived” low price after discount! Lazarus Log Homes designs for free and we package our log homes to be the most efficient log home kits on the market. Usually, our “standard” materials, even our 8” or 9” full log packages are more competitive than even smaller 6×8 D logs, the bottom of the barrel in log home log profiles.ĭiscount Log Cabin package at true wholesale prices is what we are about. Looking for the Cheapest Log Home discounted pricing? Want the Highest Quality log homes?įACT: Our log homes have the lowest discounted pricing, and we can beat anyone on similar materials. ![]() Installation Type: Standard 15/16-1 in. Overview Pricing Specifications Customer Q&As Customer Reviews Product Overview Polyline Ceiling Tiles have a modern design ideal for professional and stylish settings.order: 1000 square meters 7 yrs CN Supplier 4. For the look of plaster or tin, with the flexibility, durability, and versatility of vinyl - look no further! Decorative Suspended Clear Plastic Wall Panel Blue Sky Ceiling 1.60 - 2.50 Min. They are perfect for lobbies, contemporary office spaces, entertainment and. PLASKOLITE 2 x 4 Clear Prismatic Acrylic Light Panel Model Number: 1A20083A Menards ® SKU: 5177132 Final Price 10 67 each 1.36 /square foot You Save 1. Translucents Luminous Infill Panels come in a variety of colors as 2'x2' and 2'圆' panels, which offer full accessibility to the ceiling plenum. Place panels directly beneath lighting fixtures in traditional interiors, or throughout the entirety of your installation for a fully-illuminated ceiling effect.Īll of our Feather-Light Series panels are Class A fire rated, 100% recyclable, completely waterproof, Greenguard Gold Certified for indoor air quality, and made in the USA. Create a high-tech look that will leave a lasting impression with these elegant yet functional translucent ceiling panels. Our translucent white material adds a soft, diffused lighting effect, and hides most of what lays above the ceiling. ![]() The “lume” in Ceilume stands for ILLUMINATION, and with our Transluminous™ Ceiling Panels we give you three unique ways to let the light shine in, whether you want localized lighting effects or a fully illuminated ceiling. ![]() You may be surprised by their minimal weight, but their geometric design combined with the inherent strength of vinyl makes these panels rigid, durable, and easy to install and maintain. thick vinyl plastic, they are unlike any ceiling panel you will ever see or feel. They are perfect for lobbies, contemporary office spaces, entertainment and gaming facilities, high bay areas and retail spaces. Made from our Feather-Light Series 0.013 in. Translucents Luminous Infill Panels come in a variety of colors as 2'x2' and 2'圆' panels, which offer full accessibility to the ceiling plenum. Polyline Ceiling Panels have a modern design ideal for professional and stylish settings. ![]() The female then will exit the nest but keep the young sealed inside. Once the egg or eggs hatch, the female will remain sealed inside the nest cavity for around 5 to 7 more weeks. Incubation time can range from 37 to 46 days. The typical clutch size is one to two eggs. Rhinoceros hornbills breed between January and June, depending on environmental conditions and food availability. ( Anggraini, et al., 2000 Chamutpong, et al., 2013 Das and Tuen, 2016 Kozlowski, et al., 2015 Misni, et al., 2017) Mated pairs are territorial and will defend their home territory if needed. Breeding pairs establish large territories, up to 2.3 square kilometers. This behavior is believed to strengthen pair bonds. Behavior before and after copulation is very similar to that of the great hornbill, and may consist of duetting, preening, males offering the female food, billing, and biting. Once a mate is chosen, rhinoceros hornbills are likely to remain with their mate for life, as they are monogamous. Females will choose a mate based on the strength of his courtships displays, which often consist of loud calling, duet calling between the male and female, and a head raised posture by the male. The breeding season occurs once a year, between January and June. Rhinoceros hornbills reach sexual maturity at around five years old. ( Chamutpong, et al., 2013 Chan, et al., 2008 Das and Tuen, 2016 Davenport, 2000 Delhey, et al., 2007 Hadiprakarsa and Kinnaird, 2004 Misni, et al., 2017 Poonswad, 2008 Poonswad, et al., 2005) Rhinoceros hornbills have a reddish casque that curves upwards near the tip, while great hornbills have a more yellow casque that is straight. One noticeable difference between the two species is that rhinoceros hornbills have completely black wings, while great hornbills have white greater wing coverts. Rhinoceros hornbills look very similar to their closest relatives, the great hornbill. Rhinoceros hornbills that are not yet sexually mature may have lighter or more white mandibles and casque, due to the uropygial gland not producing full color until the bird is completely developed. Juveniles also have bluish-white irises, no matter the sex. Juveniles can be distinguished by an underdeveloped casque and yellow tarsus. Juveniles look very similar to adults with respect to plumage. One distinguishing characteristic is that males have reddish-orange colored irises, while females have bluish-white colored irises. Male and female rhinoceros hornbills look very similar. There was no mention of geographic or seasonal variation in the literature. The casque is hollow, curves upwards, and is usually dark orange to reddish in color. The coloration is transferred onto their mandibles and casque during preening. The upper and lower mandible are naturally white, but are usually stained an orange-yellow color due to oil secreted from the uropygial gland. The bill is large, with a structure called a casque above the upper mandible. Rhinoceros hornbills have black plumage, all black wings, a white vent, and a long white tail with a black band in the center. In the great hornbill ( Buceros bicornis), the species most closely related to the rhinoceros hornbill, males can be up to 150 centimeters in length, so it likely that male rhinoceros hornbills can also reach this length. Another study in Thailand reported females to have an average mass of 2,180 grams. A study on the island of Sumatra found that they typically weigh between 2,180 and 2,580 grams. Rhinoceros hornbills are large forest-dwelling birds. ( Anggraini, et al., 2000 Chaisuriyanun, et al., 2011 Das and Tuen, 2016 Franco and Minggu, 2019 Jambari, et al., 2012 Mansor and Sah, 2012 Misni, et al., 2017) However, this is likely a last resort when nearby forests have been disturbed. There are reports of Buceros rhinoceros inhabiting smallholdings consisting of palm oil and other crops in Malaysia. If undisturbed habitat is unavailable, they will inhabit tall secondary forests and slightly disturbed areas. Rhinoceros hornbill habitat usually contains large, mature trees and fruit-bearing trees that are required for nesting and feeding. Rhinoceros hornbills are typically found in primary, lowland rainforests, hill dipterocarp forests, mountainous forests, and swamp forests within elevations of 130 to 1500 meters. ( Chamutpong, et al., 2013 Das and Tuen, 2016) Rhinoceros hornbills formerly inhabited Singapore but are now extinct on the island. Off the mainland, they inhabit the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. On the Malay Peninsula of the Asian mainland, they inhabit Malaysia, along with southern Thailand and Myanmar. Rhinoceros hornbills are found in Southeast Asia. |
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